| Issue | Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025) |
| Release | 08 August 2026 |
| Section | Artificial Intelligences |
The rise of hate comments on social media, especially during politically sensitive periods such as Indonesia’s
2024 election has increased the urgency of automated cyberbullying detection. This study aims to evaluate
and compare the performance of two Indonesian-language NLP models IndoBERT and Cendol in
classifying hate speech on platform X (formerly Twitter). A total of 8,375 comments were collected and
labeled into neutral, negative, and positive categories, with preprocessing steps including normalization,
tokenization, and oversampling to balance class distribution. IndoBERT, trained on formal Indonesian
corpora, achieved 90.7% accuracy and performed better on structured and formal texts. In contrast,
Cendol, developed with informal social media data, scored 90.6% accuracy and showed superiority in
identifying slang, sarcasm, and modified spellings. The findings highlight the complementary nature of
both models. IndoBERT excels in recognizing policy-related or legal content, while Cendol is more effective
in detecting casual hate speech. The study recommends ensemble learning strategies that integrate both
models to improve content moderation systems in Indonesian digital platforms. These insights contribute
to the development of more context-sensitive AI tools for hate speech detection in local languages.
Keywords: hate speech; NLP; IndoBERT; Cendol
Keywords: hate speech, NLP, IndoBERT, Cendol
Nancy Olivia Syahanifa, Telkom University
Nancy Olivia Syahanifa was born in Batu, Malang, East Java on September 1, 2002. She is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at Telkom University. She is also a student researcher at the AI Center Telkom University – Center of Excellence Artificial Intelligence for Learning and Optimization (AILO). Her research interests include natural language processing and ethical AI. Recently, she was involved in a research project titled “The Performance Analysis of Hate Comments in Cyberbullying Cases Based on IndoBERT and Cendol.”
Kartika Dwi Maharani, Telkom University
Kartika Dwi Maharani was born in Malang, East Java on September 14, 2002. She is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at Telkom University. She is also a student researcher at the AI Center Telkom University – Center of Excellence Artificial Intelligence for Learning and Optimization (AILO). Her research interests include natural language processing and ethical AI. Recently, she was involved in a research project titled “The Performance Analysis of Hate Comments in Cyberbullying Cases Based on IndoBERT and Cendol.”
Anggara Budiyanto, Telkom University
Anggara Budiyanto was born in Klaten, Central Java on March 20, 2001. He is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at Telkom University. He is also a student researcher at the AI Center Telkom University – Center of Excellence Artificial Intelligence for Learning and Optimization (AILO). His research interests include natural language processing and ethical AI. Recently, he was involved in a research project titled “The Performance Analysis of Hate Comments in Cyberbullying Cases Based on IndoBERT and Cendol.”
Miftah Huljannah, Telkom University
Miftah Huljannah was born in Prabumulih on May 9, 2002. She is currently pursuing a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at Telkom University. She is also a student researcher at the AI Center Telkom University – Center of Excellence Artificial Intelligence for Learning and Optimization (AILO). Her research interests include natural language processing and ethical AI. Recently, she was involved in a research project titled “The Performance Analysis of Hate Comments in Cyberbullying Cases Based on IndoBERT and Cendol.”
Suryo Adhi Wibowo, Telkom University
Suryo Adhi Wibowo is a lecturer and researcher at the School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia. He holds a master’s degree in electrical engineering from Pusan National University, South Korea. His research interests include signal processing, computer vision, machine learning, and intelligent systems. Currently, he is also serving as the Deputy Director of the Artificial Intelligence Center at Telkom University. Suryo Adhi Wibowo has published numerous scientific papers in national and international journals and actively contributes to research and development in the field of intelligent technologies.
Koredianto Usman, Telkom University
Koredianto Usman was born in South Sumatra, October 2, 1975. He completed his undergraduate studies in Electrical Engineering at Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) in 1999. He pursued his master’s degree in Telecommunication Engineering at the Technical University of Munich, Germany, and graduated in 2001. He earned his Doctorate from the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, ITB, in 2019. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at STT Telkom as a lecturer in 2002 and has been actively teaching various courses ever since. His research interest is in signal processing including AI and Data Analysis. His most recent research focused on Compressive Sensing.
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