Analysis of Spatio-temporal PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations Distribution with PSCF in the Greater Bandung Air Basin

Abstract

The limitations of expensive main monitoring stations can be addressed by using low-cost sensor-based measuring stations. A low-cost sensor-based air quality monitoring system has been implemented in Telkom University, BRIN Pasteur, and BRIN Taman Sari areas to measure PM_2.5 and CO₂ concentration in Bandung vertically and horizontally. Vertically, the CO₂ concentration at the highest measuring station is indirectly affected by local activities. However, PM_2.5 concentration is still influenced by local actions. Horizontally, using the independent T-test and ANOVA, PM_2.5 concentrations tended to be homogeneous regarding the significance values in the four periods, namely 0.916, 0.03, 0.727, and 0.047. Meanwhile, the concentration of CO₂ at each station tends to be heterogeneous along significance values of 0.646, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01. The vertical and horizontal analysis shows that CO₂ concentrations tend to be heterogeneous due to differences in altitude and spatial characteristics of the measurement sites. Meanwhile, PM_2.5 tends to be more homogeneous by having the same pattern at different heights and spatial locations. The long-distance potential sources of PM_2.5 are estimated to come from the Indian Ocean and Cirebon region because they have the highest PSCF and CWT values, 0.5-0.7 and 55-65 µg/m³.